Homeland Security Essay Example for Free

Homeland protective cover EssayHomeland Security is a cabinet level sanction in the federal government. Its birth came after the terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001. Its main goals were to deter terrorism on U. S. soil and the safety of the American infrastructure. It has been reported many another(prenominal) times the trouble this segment is having getting off the ground. Hardly a day goes by without some fresh report on a drive gone bad, a new technology that does not work, a new Coast Guard cutter that is not seaworthy, or more cargo that slips done port without inspection (Light, 2007). Every year new assessments of the department including Congress, the 9/11 Commission and the departments own inspector general gives it low grades for job satisfaction, management, and leadership. moreover some of the problems it is having are high turnover, internal bureaucratic struggles and structural problems. So with all that said it is having problems reaching many of its o utlined goals.It still needs funding, authority, erupt strategy for protecting American soil, personnel, better screening at airports for passengers and employees, and better technology to find weapons such as explosives. Improved intelligence capabilities are in all probability the most important. Border security issues were the founding fathers main focus when he was with the agency and I am in agreement. Securing our countries boarders on a daily foundation garment is the Homeland securitys main concern.The military that has done that job up until now but with the world being global we need to sieve the two and give each their own set of ground rules to operate at an optimum level. The merging of immigration and customs enforcement can only tending in making this department function at a level the American public can be proud of with the goals of this office being correct (Magleby, OBrien, Light, Peltason, Cronin, 2006). Even with all its imperfections I still believe that it is a needed department in our government.A somewhat more rigid department to handle military type action on homeland soil was needed and was realized on 9/11. We had been living in a ice-skating rink house and it was just a matter of time. The partnership it is creating with state and local governments especially with intelligence from federal sources will build a safer America. After the cataclysm of Katrina in 2005 it was more obvious that this newly formed department would need some redesign in its structure. But I think with having Homeland Security it will help to build a better military.This would allow more forces to be deployed outside our borders when needed. I think now if Homeland Security had been up to par, would we still be in Iraq or would the troops the Republicans so desperately want to send be there and back by now? reference Light, P. (2007, Spring). The homeland security hash. Wilson Quarterly, 31(2). Magleby, D. B. , OBrien, D. , Light, P. , Peltason, J. W. , Cronin, T. E. (2006). Government by the People National, State, and Local 21st. Ed. New Jersey Prentice Hall.

Manufacturing Case Study Essay Example for Free

Manu stock-stillturing Case Study EssayIntroductionBefore a manufacturing figure out rout out be selected to manufacture a component many things pack to be considered. The bod of the product, the functionality, the swear out conditions and the properties of the existent all play a big part when considering the manufacturing march. This study looks at Polypropylene Chairs used mainly for education purposes. It provides information that explains the purpose of a go the pick upments of this particular product and the manufacturing process that produces the final component.To understand why this event of chair is made from polypropylene the commentator first needs to understand the basis of any chair. A chair is a raised surface for a single person to be seated. The mass of chairs atomic number 18 produced with the standard four legs but its the protrude of the chair and its intended use that takes most consideration. The use of the chair volition determine the de sign and the framework used. For example is the chair to be used at a desk or for sitting at a dining t up to(p) to eat?The users weight down needs to be evenly distributed over the chair to provide comfort whilst seated. If the chair is to be used for coherent periods of seating accordingly it is beneficial for the chair to be slightly reclined, which will support the persons back more than and remove the weight from other parts of the body. If a chair is in like manner luxuriously because hornswoggleer throng will receive their feet dangling, causing pressure on the knees whereas lower seats cause discomfort to the buttocks.Section OneLooking at the requirements of this type of chair we can see it is not the most comfortable chair on the market but then these chairs are not used for long periods of sitting. They are mainly used within canteens, hospitals, libraries and schools for short sitting periods meaning that they are mass produced. Due to the amount of chairs t hat are make there is a requirement to keep the takings terms low. They are tough chairs that can come in a variety of colours, can be used in or outside and baffle the advantage of beingness able to stack away saving space. The chair is required to hold a variety of people with a localize of body weight and height so they are required to be stable, strong durable and withstand movement whilst being lightweight.This vogue of plastic chair is made of a thermoplastic polymer called Polypropylene (PP). It is a thermoplastic that has a two dimensional structure. The plastic can be wearisome by come alive and recycled. The worldly is produced by the polymerisation of polymer molecules into very long chains. The material is a semi-crystalline solid with p all(prenominal)y physical, mechanical and thermal properties. The properties of PP in its liquefied state are defined by the length and breadth of the polymer chains that form during the process. When PP is in its solid stat e the properties are establish on how a great deal crystalline and unformed region forms from those chains.Karian, Ph.D., Harutun G, Handbook of Polypropylene and Polypropylene Composites, 1999, New York, NY, USA, Pg 15 figure of speech 1. Example of the chain of Isotactic polypropylenePP is semi-crystalline meaning that it contains small crystals and material that is amorphous and Isotactic. The chains are closely packed together and the amount of van der Walls bonding is at a maximum, making the material strong as a solid object. The polymer chains determine the weight of the material and the crystals within the chains determine how thick the material can be and in turn this will impact on how much heating is required to mould the material.The crystallisability of the chains is one factor that determines how thick the crystallites will be and the thickness of the crystallites determines how much heat energy is required to melt them.Karian, Ph.D., Harutun G, Handbook of Polypropy lene and Polypropylene Composites, 1999, New York, NY, USA, Pg 17PP is stiff, with a low density. It has good resistance to impact and play out, excellent chemical resistance, a high heat resistance and an excellent moisture barrier. Having good structural characteristic s makes PP a useful material for rigid objects. PP has a good balance between its physical and chemical properties.Due to the high mould shrinkage of PP it is difficult to achieve close tolerances but because the material is tough, resilient and has a high resistance to stress cracking it reduces the need for close tolerances. Having a very low density of 0.90g/cm3 a low terms per wad a wide flexibility when it comes to design and it also being recyclable makes PP an attractive construction material. PP has the advantage of being able to form high tidy sum, complex blueprints at a relatively low cost.When using CES software and comparing the price against the fracture toughness it provides the user with all kno wn materials. use the limit function and applying a Youngs modulus of 2GPa and a minimum tensile specialty of 40MPaFig 2 Materials based on Price against fictile StrengthThe chairs are made of PP because the material is inexpensive, easy to clean, lightweight and durable. The material can be tough and flexible with a high tensile and compressive strength. The main reason that this material works well when manufacturing these chairs is down to the precise control of the impact strength, they do react when exposed to heat meaning that they hold their shape and provide good properties within the human environment, especially when in an outside environment.Section 2Polypropylene is most commonly manufactured using extrusion, or injection moulding.Extrusion allows highly large batches of uniform cross sectional shape items to be produced. Hot extrusion is when the polymer is heated first to make it more malleable, and then pushed through a die. Pieces made using extrusion have an extr emely high quality of surface finish, meaning they do not require finishing after manufacture.picFIG 3. Extrusion ProcessInjection moulding is achieved by melting the polymer in a barrel, and then forcing or injecting it into a mould. both(prenominal) injection moulding machines are screw fed. As the piece cools, it shrinks slightly in the mould. This can cause product defects especially if the mould is poorly designed.It allows for the output of very unblemishedly shaped pieces. When the piece is removed from the mould, it will have a contour line called a parting line where the mould closes on it, and often will be marked by the ejector pin with a small circle. If the manufacturer does not want these marks on their product, then it will require post-manufacture finishing, but otherwise the finish is of a relatively high standard.FIG 4. Injection mildew ProcessSome chairs could be manufactured using extrusion, if they were a flat L shape for example. However most chairs are sha ped for ergonomic and structural reasons, and would require a more accurate manufacturing process. This would be injection moulding, as thick struts can be included in the design to aid the strength of the chair, and a comfortable dip can be shaped into the back of the seat to make it more appealing to the user.As chairs of this nature are designed for a very wide range of users, and with durability in mind, the material is required to be fairly thick to accommodate this need. This would slow the manufacturing process with injection moulding as it would take each piece longer to cool, and therefore a longer wait is required before the piece can be removed from the mould. The thickness of the piece would have little centre on an extruded product, as the die can be made whatever size is desired. The weight of the chair would have little purpose on manufacture in either of these methods, except for the amount of material needed.For a batch of 1000, extrusion would be an excellent pro cess, as enough material for the whole batch can be melted and pushed through the die, and the pieces cut from the section after extrusion. Large batches can be produced very quickly in this way. Injection moulding would take longer, as each piece must be made individually, unless the mould is designed with several chairs in, each connected by a strut of waste product. This increases the amount of waste material, and the initial set up costs due to the mould design, and a larger machine being required.Section 3There are many factors to consider when forming a component from composite. Failure to consider these factors can drastically change the material properties and this in turn could lead to an unsatisfactory component. A polymer ground substance for the composite is an excellent base their material properties already provide many favorable attributes such as high corrosion resistance and low density. The introduction of a secondary reinforcing agent will provide a synergetic ef fect to the mechanical properties of the material allowing a better component.One of the factors that are critically important in the production of a composite is the format of the secondary phase it is a nominate factor to the materials properties of the component. There are three mostly used forms for the reinforcing of secondary phases these are long/short fibers, or particles.Long fibers, also known as continuous fibers, are fibers that are layered in strips or woven into a pattern along an axis. The fibers generally consist of a much stronger material than the polymer matrix as such the fibers take a much greater load compared to the polymer matrix. This allows for a material with much better load bearing properties. The increase ability to take load is based upon the agency of the fibers.When bearing load, the best mechanical properties are obtained in the direction of the fibers. There are many distinct orientations used by fibers, orienting the fibers in one specific dire ction is often used when the direction of the force is constant. Planar reinforcement is used when the direction of force is only along one plane of action.Short fibers, also known as continuous fibers, are fibers that have been cut into relatively short strands. The shorter nature of these fibers means that they can be orientated in lots of patterns and directions. As well as being able to be orientated in one specific direction and along one plane like long fibers, they can also be orientated promiscuously. This random orientation allows for a uniform distribution of the reinforcing ability of the fibers therfore increasing the load bearing ability in all directions instead of just one, or a single plane.If particles are introduced into a polymer matrix, their effects vary greatly compared to their size.Very small particles act as a barrier to dislocation movements this heavyens the matrix material due to the fact that dislocations cannot propagate as easily through the structur e. Smaller particles cannot take loads due to their size, so the load bearing ability of the composite is based upon the matrix material. If larger particles are introduced they can take some of the load, this allows the composite of the two to take a larger load. Due to the nature of particles the matrix is naturally able to take isotropic loads.Mikell, P. Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing Fourth Edition,2011, New Jersey, NJ, USA, Pg 181-183Fig 5. A Chart Showing Long/Short fibers as well as Particles. taste of reinforcement is another major factor in the production of a composite component. Not taking into account the direction of reinforcement can have unfavorable material properties. Materials are either isotropic or anisotropic in one or more directions.Isotropic orientation is achieved when the fibers are randomly oriented, or particles are introduced into the matrix composite. The effects of this type of orientation are that the load can be taken uniformly in all di rections. This is discriminatory because it allows for a material that is not constrained by loads in one direction. The downside is that the material properties can never be as strong as if they where aligned to one direction. eolotropic orientation is when fibers are aligned to a specific direction or plane. When the load is applied in this direction is extremely strong, this means that an anisotropic composite material has extremely beneficial properties in the direction of the fibers. The further the load gets from the direction of the fibers the less beneficial the material properties are until the load is perpendicular to the fiber direction. When the fiber direction is perpendicular to the fibers the maximum strength is the strength of the primary matrix. If the concentration of fibers is high enough the strength in the perpendicular direction can be significantly less than the primary polymer.Mikell, P. Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing Fourth Edition, 2011, New J ersey, NJ, USA, Pg 181-183Fig 6. A Chart showing Anisotropic and Isotropic OrientationsThe chair, due to its function, has various limits that need to be applied when taking into account the construction of the composite.The forces inherent in the use of a chair are not in one direction, or even one plane of action. This means that an isotropic composite is best suited for the chair, as a placoid or singular direction of fibers wouldnt be beneficial to the mechanical properties of the component.Due to the composite that is being used it must have an isotropic orientation so only discontinuous fibers or particles can be used continuous fibers cannot be used feasibly in an isotropic orientation.A short fiber based second phase would increase the toughness of the component as well as increasing the stiffness and strength in all directions. These properties seem more favorable than those of particulates which increase fatigue strength. Short fibers in a random orientation would be bene ficial for a seat this would allow it to take impacts during its service as well as remaining in shape and resisting bending.Mikell, P. Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing Fourth Edition, 2011, New Jersey, NJ, USA, Pg 181-183The length of the short fibers would be above the critical length value this is based on the diameter of the fiber, the ultimate tensile strength of the fiber and the shear strength of the matrix-fiber interface. The diameter of the fibers should be as small as possible to allow for a higher tensile strength.Mikell, P. Groover, Principles of Modern Manufacturing Fourth Edition, 2011, New Jersey, NJ, USA, Pg 181 Figure 8.15The book split of a composite is the product of (Volume of Fibers/Volume of Composite).It is a way of expressing the amount of fiber in a composite, it is also very useful in refining the properties of your composite.The volume fraction for our composite should be greater than the criticalvolume fraction.A volume fraction lower than th is means that the matrix would break before the fibers could support the load applied. This can be given byVcritical = (m* m / f* m)m* = Matrix Ultimate Tensile Strengthm = Matrix Yield Strengthf* = Fiber Ultimate Tensile StrengthOnce a value for Vcritical is determined, this can be used as a basis for determining the volume fraction you want. Any volume fraction must be above Vcritical so that the matrix is actually strengthened by the addition of the fibers. You can cover adding a higher concentration of fibers until you begin to imbrittle the polymer matrix composite due to the excess fiber content.Without knowing the exact fiber and matrix choices it would be hard to predict the volume fraction this would occur at, as a guideline the value would be any value greater than 0.7.Therefore the volume fraction should lie above Vcritical. To ascertain the best value for the volume fraction you would have to do testing on the composite at various volume fraction values and use the re sults to determine which would be the best for the chair component.Using a randomly oriented short fiber composite would bring up the material properties.The random orientation would make it able to handle forces from all directions and the short fibers would increase various mechanical properties such as toughness, tensile strength and fatigue strength. This material composite would produce a very light and strong structure which should be able to withstand alot more than the polymer alone. The synergetic effect of this composite allows it to attain a much higher specific strength than the polymeric design. It also attains a much higher stiffness than the original design allowing it to maintain its shape more consistently during its service time, and it also means it is less likely to fail due to a sudden shock.The increased fatigue strength would mean that the material can maintain its service for a longer period of time due to its ability to withstand crack generation and its r esistance to mechanical defects building up over time.SECTION 4In section 2, it was decided that the best process chosen for producing the chairs was extrusion border over injection molding as it was a faster process and allowed for less waste material.This process is not suitable for the addition of short fibers too the polypropylene, instead reinforced reaction injection molding would make a better choice.Reaction injection molding is a low pressure process used to cure thermosets that require a chemical reaction rather than heat. This process requires two reactive ingredients which are mixed and injected into the mold cavity where the hardening and solidification processes occur rapidly. This process can be used for large parts as well as complex shapes.When reinforcing fibers are used in the mixture the process is called reinforced injection molding.picFIG 7. IMAGE OF REINFORCED REACTION INJECTION MOLDING PROCESSThe capital start up cost for this process is high but due to the low pressures that are used in the process it balances out cost. The initial batch size chosen for the production of the chairs was 1000 units. This figure works with reinforced reaction injection molding as it allows for economic bath sizes between 100 and 10000 units, so even if batch sized was reduced by a tenth of its original size or increased by 10 times the size this process can still be economical to the manufacturer.REFERENCES27 Mar 201227 Mar 2012Stephen Pheasant, 2nd Ed Bodyspace Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work Taylor Francis Ltd201120 Feb 2012FIG 7. (http//composites.owenscorning.com/processes/Reaction_Injection_Molding.aspx)http//staff.bath.ac.uk/msscrb/dent.pdf equation 5, page 1657FIG 1 Polypropylene Molecule, Chempolymerproject, Online Available https//Polypropylene-B-CABA 28 Mar 2012FIG 3 Extrusion of a Round Blank through a Die Online Available http//en.wikipedia.org (2011)FIG 4 Injection Moulding Machine Online Available http//www.engineerst udent.co.uk (2011)

Personal Learning Statement for Dissertation

Personal Learning Statement for DissertationCareful, precise and comprehensive planning is the key to success. Having cognize the importance of planning, I carefully planned my project with a standard by step approach.The first step at this stage was the analysis of my strengths and weaknesses in order to decide the topic of my seek project. I rescue always been interested in stock markets and business analysis of companies. This interest helped me learn more than about business and pecuniary analysis of companies and the dissimilar ways by which their fiscal performance and baffle can be analysed.The next important step was the formulation of a strategy as to how I would carry out the task in hand i.e. How to conduct the research? When to start? And most importantly whom should I choose as a wise man?In regards to the selection of a suitable mentor the article titled Making the most of your mentor by Pippa Riley (11th August, 2005) published on ACCA website proved to be a life saver. I gave it a deep thought and after carefully considering all my options I chose my mentor to be my tutor Mr Muhammad Yasser Naqvi Syed, who is a Member of ACCA. A person who has helped me a great deal since the day I joined ACCA and has been a fictitious character model for me over the years.After concluding my decision I approached my mentor and I was extremely delighted when he accepted to be my mentor and postulate me through the project.2. Meetings with MentorThe role of Project Mentor is of great significance in the success of a research project.I had my first meeting with my chosen mentor on 5th January 2010, just after December 2009 ACCA examinations. In that meeting I introduced my mentor to the topic I had chosen and the reason arsehole my selection. I told him about my strategy and the means and methods I int abrogateed to use. I was footsure that I had properly communicated the reasons and objectives of the topic I chose and my mentor seemed to be snug w ith my choice and strategy. Furthermore, I sought his advice on the matters such as research methods and we had a fruitful discussion.All in all, the first meeting was highly undefeated and cemented my ideas showing me a web path to my objective. After my first meeting I was much more confident as I had a clear direction towards preparing the project.Our second meeting was scheduled for 12th March 2009. Before the meeting I reviewed my project at e rattling stage and tried to guess authorized that there are no spellings or grammatical mistakes and after that I sent the completed part to my mentor for reviewing the progress. I also mention all the feed back from my mentor and tried to improve the character reference of my work. In the meeting I demonstrated all the discipline I had collected from different sources and asked my mentors advice on some unresolved issues.Before the 3rd meeting I sent a draft copy of the project to my mentor and remark his feed back and then I pr epared slides in Microsoft PowerPoint along with extra slides showing charts and share prices.We held our third and final meeting on fourteenth April 2009. I was very confident of the work I had do and prepared for the presentation beforehand. I had a clear set of mind of what I had done and how I wanted to express that work in the presentation. My mentor was satisfied and equally amazed at my effort and congratulated me on my work.As stated in the guidelines, I had 15 minutes for the presentation therefore I planned for my presentation well in advance and do sure that I include all the relevant information.Before I started my presentation, I handed out printed copies of my presentation to my mentor and my colleagues. I started my presentation by introducing J Sainsbury and giving a brief history of the company. After that I explained the various analyses and comparisons I had performed in order to analyze the financial position of J Sainsbury and to r distributively at a conclusi on. I also explained the potential opportunities and the threats faced by the company. I utilise Microsoft Power Point to convey my message more efficiently and used in writing(p) analysis to help my cause.My presentation was indeed a success and I felt all my hard work and dedication paid off. My mentor was cheerily surprised and gave me a pat on my back. My strengths include a thorough understanding of the topic, detailed research work and good presentation skills while my weaknesses included taking a few more minutes outside my allowed quota.This experience was a massive confidence booster for me and it proved to me that I am very well capable of delivering top class professional presentations.3. Self Assessment / Critical EvaluationAs part of the skills and learning statement, I would now cause to critically evaluate my performance and the skills I learned during the preparation of my project.One of the ways of evaluating the success of a project is to analyse whether it has answered all the relevant research questions satisfactorily or not.In formulating the strategy of my research project, I identified a few research questions which were critical to the overall success of my project. I focussed my energies to finding the answers of these questions.Although I think I managed to answer most of the research questions in a satisfactory manner, there were a few areas where I could have done more research and allocated more time and resources.The feedback I got back from my mentor suggested that I have been able to achieve the objectives of my research project successfully.This organism the first extensive research project carried out by me made the task a little bit daunting in the beginning and made me a little apprehensive about my abilities of carrying out the task with perfection. But as the project progressed, things started becoming clearer and my confidence levels were boosted.I chose to assess the business and financial performance of J Sainsbury plc over the last three years. J Sainsburys plc is a United Kingdom-based company principally engaged in grocery and related retailing, and financial services.Financial ratios were used to asses the financial performance of the company over a three year period and then I tried to explain the reasons for variations in the ratios.I kept sending my draft incomplete project to my mentor and requested him to assess my performance under the guidelines of Oxford Brookes University so I could judge the quality of my work done so far. For this purpose I sent several emails to my mentor and made notes of every feed back.I carefully assessed the external position by looking at the macro environment by using Porters Five Forces Model. I tried to do well on this analysis by giving a detailed overview and try to look at the wider side of the picture.I highlighted critical strengths and weaknesses and the resulting opportunities and threats faced by the company by using a technique called SWOT ana lysis. This exercise was very beneficial to get a thorough understanding of the company and also helped me to come up with some recommendations to furnish on the strengths of the company and eliminate or neutralize its weaknesses.4. Inter ad hominem and Communication SkillsThe term interpersonal skill is very often used to measure the personal ability to operate within the business organization through social conversation and interaction. And the Communication skills are the skills which enable people to communicate effectively with each other. It also includes the ability to speak in public, meetings, presentations and writing letters. In my roast it relates to the communication skills which I demonstrated during the meetings with my mentor and customers.The meetings with my mentor helped me to assess my interpersonal and communication skills and identify the areas which needed improvement.Questioning is one of the most important utensil in communication in order to derive answe rs and achieve confirmation. Since it is a wakeless tool in seeking information it is was imperative to get direct answers during the initial stages of the project as I required direction from my mentor. However I realised that getting direct information was not easy as the response is directly dependent on the style of question.During the project I used both closed questions where I needed a confirmation of what I knew and open questions where the intention was to get as much information as possible. Towards the end of the project, when I had passed the data gathering stage I was seeking specific answers, this also entailed asking probing questions in order to clarify many areas. Restating information in a form of a question enabled me to understand difficult factors.Effective communication also entails speaking and listening. I used both gestures and a variety of verbal and non verbal means for instance, nodding my head, making notes of important points, and basic words of confir mation to express a form of acknowledgement seen as a verification or feedback that is identified as active or reflective listening, as I would continuously be seeking to understand what my mentor was stating. This was reinforced with the use of eye contact to show that I understood and was interested in what was being communicated to me by my mentor.Prior to meetings I would make sure that my mobile phone was switched off, to reduce disturbance that was in my control.These activities helped me to improve my interpersonal and communication skills and also made me more confident in my approach.5. How RAP Helped In Studies / EmploymentThe preparation of RAP has helped me to gain certain invaluable and precious skills which have helped me both in my studies and my working life.I learned a hatch of new skills and techniques which has given me an edge over my competitors in the job market.The preparation of RAP helped me immensely in better understanding of professional subjects of ACCA such as P3 (Business Analysis) and P2 (Corporate Reporting). As a part of my RAP I used different financial and non financial techniques described in these subjects to asses the business and financial performance of JS Sainsbury.It was a great exercise for me and gave me a chance to apply all my knowledge gained from ACCA qualification in to a practical company scenario.RAP also modify my skills in Microsoft Office. I learned a lot of new features of MS Word, MS Excel and MS Power Point. These skills are still helping me in my current job and have increased my work efficiency. I have also had a pay rise from my employer since preparing my RAP, underlining the improvement I have made.RAP has also helped me polishing my interactive skills as I improved this skill by collecting financial and non financial information about the company from different sources. These interactive skills have helped me a lot in my current job and as a result I am much more confident while interacting with clients during audits and client visits.The project helped me develop my IT skills. I added not only to my accounting knowledge, but also learned different aspects of planning, organising, time management, writing, and public speaking. These skills pull up stakes be of use to me in all aspects of my life.

Load Calculation Voltage Drop And Size Cable

Load Calculation electric potential Drop And sizing line of descentBefore wiring origination process is carried out, it must follow the rules of Malaysia 1994. which requires all wiring, supernumerary wiring or rewiring to carried out by electric automobileal Contractor or Electrical Wiring Unit require cheers writing from the licensee or egress authority.Wireman or Contractor need to plan and indentify the work wish to carried out, so that work toilet be much clean, tidy and safe to uses. the wireman or contractor shouldMake a site visitFollow the guideline regulation from JKRidentifies the user load essentialcalculate the maximum lead and total connected loaddetermine the equipmentsubmit plants, drawings and specifications2.0 Regulation and Nominal Voltage in Malaysia2.1 The RegulationElectricity supplied to internal consumers must be follow standard specification, which atomic number 18MSMSIECInternational Electro technical Commission, IECBritish Standard , BSthe ac cepted British standard has co-ordinated with the European standard, BSENEuropean Standard, ENElectricity supplied also need to refer akta bekalan elektrik years 1990. This act is to provide for the investing of property and liabilities of the lembaga letrik negara in a distributively company, to make financial arrangement for that company, to provide for matters relating to employee and for other matters connected therewithGuidance notes for wiring regulation tummy refer IEE wiring regulation by Brian indication for all contractors, technicians and other professionals working in a non- supervisory power, as well as newcomers to the industry, all of whom are involved in inspecting and interrogation electric installations, and need to ensure their work complies with the latest version of the Wiring Regulations.The installation on equipment and so on need to follow regulation from JKR much(prenominal) as L-S1 Specification for low potential internal galvanic installation s ystemL-S2 Specification for low potential difference automatic power actor field of studyL-S3 Specification for low electric potential underground stockL-S4 Specification for low voltage overhead line distributionL-S5 Specification for three degree writer setL-S6 Specification for acoustic treatment for generator roomL-S7 Specification for single phase diesel generator setL-S8 Specification for lightning resistance system( development stranded G.I wires)L-S9 Specification for lightning shield system for structures2.2 Nominal Voltage in MalaysiaThe official mains power voltage is AC 230 V with the tolerance of +10%,- 6%. However, the supplied voltage remains at 240 V, as the supplied voltage is within the resigned tolerance. Areas that rely on private power companies, like some parts of Penang and Kedah, receive a true 230 V supply. Remote villages which rely on off-grid localized diesel generators (i.e. small(a) villages and/or isolated holiday resorts on islands too far forward from the mainland to have viable underwater cabling) may receive unstable power with higher voltages, with some areas recorded to be as high as 260 VBefore this, the rated voltage in Malaysia is 240/415V with range +5% to -10%, and effective in January 2008 the rated change to 230/415V with range +10% to -6%3.0 Load CalculationEach design want to be made need go through the process of load calculation, where the process is calculated from distribution shape up(DB), sub-switch board(SSB) and main switch board(MSB)A distribution board is a panel or enclosure that houses the fuses, go breakers, and ground leakage protection units used to distribute galvanising power to numerous individual sets or consumer bakshishs. The board typically has a single incoming power source and includes a main circuit breaker and a residual up-to-the-minute or realm leakage protection device. A distribution board may be used to distribute either single or three phase supplies depe nding on the installation specifics. Although distribution board equipment, layouts, and legislative requirements differ from country to country, the elemental principles of distributing a single supply to various individual points while ensuring gum elastic and control for each remains the identical. sub-switchboard function is same as distribution board, but MSB is MSB is an assembly of distribution panels, each of which contains switches and breakers that allow electricity to be redirected to appropriate loads. The role of MSB is to divide the main authentic provided to the switchboard into smaller loads for further distribution and to provide switching, over- watercourse protection and metering for these various loads.3.1 Type of loadElectrical load types fall into four categories tolerant, capacitive, inductive or a combination of these. Few loads are purely resistive, capacitive or inductive. The imperfect nature of how electrical and electronic devices are built causes inductance, capacitance and resistance to be an inherent part of many devices.3.1.1 repellent LoadsA resistor is a device that resists the flow of electricity. In doing so, some of the electrical energy is dissipated as heat. Two common resistive loads are incandescent light bulbs and electric heaters. Resistance (R) is posterd in ohms.An incandescent light bulb produces light by passing an electric ongoing through a filament in a vacuum. The resistance of the filament causes it to heat up and the electrical energy is converted to light energy. Electric heaters work in the same way except they produce little, if any, light.The electrical current and the voltage in a resistive load are express to be in phase with each other. As voltage rises or falls, the current also rises and falls with it.3.1.2 Capacitive LoadsA capacitor stores electrical energy. Two conductive surfaces are separated by a non-conductive insulator. When an electrical current is applied to a capacitor, electron s from the current gather on the plate wedded to the termination to which the electric current is applied. When the current is removed, the electrons leave alone to flow back through the circuit to reach the other terminal of the capacitor.Capacitors are used in electric motors, radio set circuits, power supplies and many other circuits. The capability of a capacitor to store electrical energy is called capacitance (C). The main unit of measure is the farad, but most capacitors are measured in microfarads.The current leads the voltage of a capacitor. The voltage across the terminals starts out at zero volts while the current is at its maximum. As the charge builds on the capacitors plate, the voltage rises and the current falls. As a capacitor discharges, the current rises as the voltage falls.3.1.3 Inductive LoadsAn induction may be any conductive material. When a changing current passes through an inductor, it induces a magnetic field around itself. Turning the inductor into a coil increments the magnetic field. A similar principal occurs when a conductor is placed within a changing magnetic field. The magnetic field induces an electrical current within the conductor.Inductance (L) is measured in henries. The changing voltage and current in an inductor are out of phase. As current rises to a maximum, the voltage falls.3.1.4 Combination LoadsAll conductors have some resistance under normal conditions and also exhibit inductive and capacitive influences, but these small influences are generally dismissed for practical purposes. Other loads make use of various combinations of inductors, capacitors and resistors to perform specific functions.The tuning circuit of a radio uses variable inductors or capacitors in combination with a resistor to filter out a range of frequencies while allowing just ane narrow bar to pass through to the rest of the circuit.A cathode ray resistance in a monitor or television makes use of inductors, resistors and the inherent c apacitance of the tube to control and display a picture on the phosphor coatings of the tube.Single phase motors lots use capacitors to aid the motor during starting and running. The start capacitor provides an additional phase of voltage to the motor since it shifts the current and voltage out of phase with each other.3.2 Total Connected Load(TCL) and Maximum Demand(MD)One of the most calculation basic electrical calculation is to calculate the total connected load(TCL) and maximum demand(MD)The TCL is the mechanical and electrical load that will be connected for that particular area, where all of the electrical loads in an installation be maximized and simultaneously,The MD is the total kW that actually contributes the total power used in one time by and by applying the diversity factor based on the Total Connected Load calculated. It less than or equal to the connected load (TCL). Value of maximum demand of a expression and ratio of diversity factor must be obdurate so as not overdesigned or under designed. By utilize MD also, many cost can be reduced as cable size, the size of the breaker, busbar size etcBy calculating the TCL, it can bed the total load connected for a particular area and also can determine the sizing of cables. But, the most important thing is by having the TCL, it can determine the MD. This MD will be declared to the utility provider for the purpose of meter deposit and utility bill3.2.1 assortment Factor (DF)Diversity factor is different or ratio between MD and TCL. the equation can relate MD, TCL to DF is MD = TCL x DFShould be reminded, to determined DF normally it can not be precisely determined. DF value is only an approximate value only based on the guidance or previous data. The diversity factor is almost always greater than 1 since all components would have to be on at simultaneously at full load for it to be one.3.2.2 summation BurdenAfter MD known then it should be added 20% at DB and 30% in SSB or MSB to determine the size of the incoming breaker. This is because taking into account the increase in the load in the future. it is known as increase burden.The specification percent of increase burden dissemination BoardSchool MD + 20%Office TCLHospital TCL + 20%Sub Switchboard and Main SwitchboardMD + 30%3.3 Circuit breakerTo provided fair to middling over current protection, each circuit should be equipped with a circuit breaker for automatic recrudesceion of supply in the issue of overload current and fault current. the circuit breaker installed in a circuit should break any fault current flowing in the circuit breaker before much(prenominal) current causes danger due to thermal or mechanical effect produced in the circuit or the associated connection. the characteristics of the breaker shall gather the condition that the breaking capacity should be greater than or equal to the likely diddle circuit current or earth fault current at the point at which the breaker installedThe rated curren t of a circuit breaker is the current that it can carry continuously, generally for a duration of more(prenominal) than eight hours. The rated current must not cause a temperature is between -5C to 40C. Different temperature rise limits are specified for different parts of a circuit breaker. A circuit breaker will not operate (Trip) if the current passing through it is 105% to 113% of its rated current. It will take one or ii hours to trip if the current passing through it is 130% to 145% of the rated current.3.4 Type of Circuit Breaker need to be determined3.4.1 Miniature Circuit Breaker(MCB)MCB are used extensively for the protection of final circuit in domestic and commercial installations. they offer these circuit protection, particularly when overload or short circuit conditions are universe considered than the fuse alternatives.MCBs are available for both single phase and three phase circuit. In a single phase circuit, a single MCB may be used in the live conductor or a two -pole MCB connected in the live and natural conductor. three or four pole MCBs are used for protection in three phase supplies. If a fault current flow through even one pole of an MCB, all the three poles will be operated.The main standard for MCBs in BS 3871. This standard covers MCB ratings up to 100A, breaking capacities up to 9 kA and voltage ratings up to 415VThe preferred value of the rated current are 6, 8, 10, 13, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 80, 100, and 125AInstead of specifying the breaking capacity, the standard specifies the value of the short circuit capacity. the short circuit capacity refers to the prospective current expressed by its r.m.s value which the MCB is designed to make (closed), to carry for its operating time and to break under the specified conditions. the standard value of rated short circuit are 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6 and 10kA. for values above 10kA up to and including 25kA, the preferred value 20kA3.4.2 Moulded Case Circuit Breaker(MCCB)Moulded case circuit br eaker(MCCB) are required for installation which have higher fault level or higher current ratings exceeding 125A. MCCBs have several advantages over ordinary switches and fuses in the control and protection of circuit and apparatus. they have a repeatable non-destructive performance and are safe in operation under fault conditions. it has built-in mechanism to simultaneously cleared all three phases for a single phase fault.These circuit breaker are mainly used to protect main feeder cables, for incoming supply to sub circuit/distribution boards and for large motor circuit. for installation, MCCBs are suitable as free standing units, or for building into compact cubic-type switchboards. Auxiliary items such as shunt trio elements, status switches, interlocks and motor-operated mechanism for remote operating can all be integrated into the MCCB.The main industrial standard for MCCBs are BS EN 60947-1 and BS EN 60947-2. these two standard define the characteristics, conditions for ope ration, methods for testing and the requirements for circuit breaker with rated voltages up to and including 1000V a.c or 1500 d.c.As there are no other standard values specified in BS EN 60947, the followings are some typical technical data for reference certain rating 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 50, 63, 80, 100, 200, 300, 400, 630, 800, 1250ARated voltage 380, 400, 415VRated breaking capacity 10, 20, 25, 35, 65, 85kA(r.m.s)Rated making capacity 17, 44, 53, 63, 84, 143kA(peak)One minutes powerfrequency withstand voltage 2.5kV3.4.3 rest period Current-operated Circuit Breaker(RCCB)The Residual Current-operated Circuit Breaker(RCCB) are primarily designed to protect against indirect contact electric shock. The term indirect contact refers to the contact of the supply voltage indirectly through the touching of the exposed-conductive-part such as the metalic enclosures of electrical appliances, the metallic conduit, trunking or cable tray.These exposed-conductive-part are insulated from the live conductor and are connected to the earthing terminal and thus, should be at the earth potential. However, during an earth faults, as there is an earth fault current flowing from the love conductor through the exposed-conductive-part to the earth, the exposed metalwork may be at high potential relative to earth. touching the exposed- conductive-parts at this instance may cause an electric shock if its potential to earth exceeds 50V. Furthermore, id it is a high impedance earth fault, the magnitude of the earth fault current may not activate the overcurrent protective device. Thus, a current will continue to flow to earth, possibly generating heat and causing fire. RCCB is designed to detect such a residual current (ie. earth leakage current), to compare it to reference value and to open the protected circuit when the residual current exceeds this reference value.RCCBs are not designed to have a high breaking capacity and in fact, they have only a limited breaking capac ity. They are therefore, not a replacement for other overcurrent protective devices which are designed to interrupt high fault current. There are four standard for RCCBs namely, BS4293, IEC 755, IEC 1008- 1 and Singapore standard SS 97.Based on IEC 1008, RCCBs are specified as follows pet rated voltage single phase, phase to neutral 230Vthree phase, three wire 400V three phase, 4 wire 400VPreferred rated current, IN 10, 13, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 63, 80, 100, 125ARated residual operatingcurrent,IN 0.006, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5AStandard value of residual nonoperating current 0.5 INminimum value of the ratedmaking and breaking capacity 10 IN or 500A whichever is greaterRated condition short circuitcurrent 3, 4.5, 6, 10, 20kAMaximum break time 0.3s for residual current equal to 0.5 IN 0.15s for residual current equal to 20.5 IN 0.04s for residual current equal to 50.5 IN0.004s for residual current to 500A4.0 Voltage DropVoltage neutralize conflict in voltage from one point in a current path to any other point in the same current path. Voltage evenfall is the result that happens to a voltage value when it meets with resistance in any current path while current is flowing, it only happens when flowing current meets resistance in a current path, the higher the value of current flowing, the higher the voltage drop across any conductor, connection, or contact in the current path.Based on Ohms law it takes one volt to push one amp through one ohm of resistance. The location of a voltage drop in a parallel circuit determines the affect it will have on the loads that are in parallel. When a voltage drop occurs before, or ahead of the last parallel splice in a parallel circuit, it will provide less than source voltage to all loads in parallel beyond the last parallel splice. When a voltage drop occurs after the last parallel splice in a parallel circuit, the same value of voltage drop has an identical affect on the load in the affected branch whether it appears on the voltage feed side, or on the ground side of the branch load.When current flows through the cable, the voltage drop will result. This is based on a formula V = I x R I = current flows through the cableR = Resistance of the cableBased on requirement of IEE wiring regulation 525-01-01. The voltage drop between the origin of the installation (usually the supply terminals) and terminals of the fixed current using equipment does not exceed 4% of the nominal voltage of the supply.The voltage drop for building must make sure it not more than 4% depend to nominal voltage, where 4% of 1 = 4% of 240 V= 9.6 Volt4% of 3 = 4% of 415 V= 16.6 VoltThe voltage drop for outside building, must not exceed 20V from nominal voltage4.1 The Voltage Drop is Closely colligate with Size of CableMost circuits in a house do not have enough current or length to produce a high voltage drop. In the case of very long circuits, for example, connecting a home to a separate building on the same property, it may be necessary to increase the size of conductors over the minimum requirement for the circuit current rating. Heavily-loaded circuits may also require a cable size increase to meet voltage drop requirements in wiring regulations.Voltage drop and size cable can related with equation VD Total of voltage dropVd Voltage drop on cable mV/A/mIn Rated current of breaker (A)L Length of Cable (meter)5.0 CableIn electrical engineering cables are used to carry electric currents. Cables are the mean by which electrical energy is distributed from its source to its point of use. Copper wires in a cable may be bare, or they may be plated with a thin layer of another metal, most often tin but sometimes gold, silver or some other material. Tin, gold, and silver are much less prone to oxidation than copper, which may draw out wire life, and makes soldering easier.http//www.electronicsteacher.com/direct-current/dc-metering-circuits/00376.png5.1 InsulationThe insulation surrounds each conductor to prevent direct contact between individual conductors and earth. Type of insulation will depends on the voltage, the operating temperature of the conductor and the mechanical and environmental condition affecting the cable during both installation and operation. Type of insulation materialPolyvinyl chloride ( polyvinyl chloride)RubberCross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) powderize mineralOil impregnated paper tapes5.2 Type of conductorPVC, PVC/PVCXLPE, XLPE/PVC (25 mm2)PVC/SWA/PVCXLPE/SWA/PVC (25 mm2)Fire Rated CableMIMS (Mineral Insulated Mineral sheathe Copper Conductor)MICC (Mineral Insulated Copper Clad Copper Conductor)5.3 Installation methodGI Conduit PVCGalvanised/H.D.G. Trunking PVCHot Dipped Galvanised Perforated Cable Tray PVC/PVC, XLPE/PVC, PVC/SWA/PVC, XLPE/SWA/PVCHot Dipped Galvanised Cable Ladder PVC/PVC, XLPE/PVC, PVC/SWA/PVC, XLPE/SWA/PVC5.4 Cable type and selectionThe current carrying capacity of a cable must be sufficient to cater for the maximum sustained curren t which will normally flow through it. The insulation must be adequate to deal with the voltage of the system and must not be damaged by the heat produced by the current flow, high ambient temperature or by heat transferred. Cable selection therefore is primarily related to the size of the cable which will carry the required current without the temperature of the surrounding insulation emanation above a critical level which will result in the breakdown of the insulation.5.5 Current rating of cableThe current rating of cable is determined by a number of factorsAmbient temperatureMaximum allowable conductor temperatureConductor material insulation materialInstallation method5.6 Determine the Size cableThe proper sizing of an electrical (load bearing) cable is important to ensure that the cable canOperate continuously under full load without being damagedWithstand the worst short circuits currents flowing through the cableProvide the load with a suitable voltage (and avoid excessive v oltage drops)(optional) Ensure operation of protective devices during an earth faultSelected the size cable can base on In IbIz InIz In Ib* In rated currentIz rated current of cableIb design current

History of, and Impact of Cinema

History of, and Impact of CinemaINTRODUCTIONCinema is wiz of the few fortes which have managed to successfully depict the current reality of society in general and our lives in particular. As like other art forms, it depicts the multiple realties that one is faced with. It explores one of the most remove yet eternal truths which every individual experiences and that is isolation. Each individual longs for social ties despite belonging to organized societies it is what all(prenominal) one of us is ultimately rock-bottom to.A Short assumeis a technical description originally coined in theIndian film persistenceand use in the North American film industry in the early limit ofcinema. The description is now used almost interchangeably withshort shell.Although the North American interpretation generally refers to films between 20 and 40 minutes, the definition refers to much shorter films inEurope,Latin AmericaandAustralasia. InNew Zealand, for instance, the description can be u sed to describe any film that has duration longer than one minute and shorter than 15 minutes. The North American definition also tends to focus much more(prenominal) on character whereas the European and Australasian forms tend to suppose much more on ocular drama and plot twists. In this way, the North American form can be understood to be a derivation of the feature film form, unremarkably acting as a platform for aspirant Hollywood directors. Elsewhere, short films tend to work as showcases for cinematographers and commercial directors. (Short Film)A short film manages to allege the same tale as a full length feature film, provided in a shorter duration of metre. It is characterized by the directors reflection of the existing social, governmental and economic conditions. A short film narrative is one which can easily be created by people from all walks of life, it has universal applicability. It enables directors functioning on a small budget to tell their stories to the world. The talent in creating a short film lies in communicating the message of the film to the audience in a very limited end of time. The transitions in a short film are of critical importance. What I find intriguing is how any mortal imbibes from their existing social conditions and produce work which is effectively communicable to most individuals.Another reason to dwell into this topic of research is that many youngsters and amateurs start by making short films and use it as a path to grow. AsDaniel Wiernicki states, Short films are often popular as first steps into the film industry among young film watchrs. This is because they are cheaper and easier to make, and also their length makes shorts more likely to be watched by financial backers and others who want some demonstration of a filmmakers ability. galore( billetnominal) things can be achieved by creating a short film so are an ideal luck to get recognized and get into the industry. (Wiernicki)Through this dissertati on, I aim to explore the world of short films in the condition of movies which have won the CannesShort Film Palme dOr(FrenchPalme dOr du court mtrage), which is the highest prize given to ashort film at theCannes Film Festival. These short films are a re perplexation of various cultures, ideologies, people, religion, economic background, and political thoughts and history from across the world that come together on one platform and showcase their art.The cinema is not an art which films life the cinema is something between art and life. Unlike painting and literature, the cinema both gives to life and takes from it, and I try to render this concept in my films. Literature and painting both exist as art from the very start the cinema doesnt. Jean- Luc GodardLITERATURE freshenThroughout our history, humans have looked for different forms of expressing themselves. These expressions were in the form of poetry, literature, songs, plays, dancing, etc. films are one of the latest forms of expression that has been adopted by the people almost the world to portray their views on their surroundings, any event, or moment that captivates them and they want to show it to the world. The beauty of the films nowadays is that you can detract from reality and present something beyond the human imagination at the same time one can present the harsh realities of life that some dont know about. Films as a medium of dialogues can be used to spread ones message or view across the world.History of Cinema(History of Film)The birth of the films happened in 1878, when Eadweard Muybridge recorded a long horse running in fast motion using a series of 24 stereoscopic cameras. With the development of technology came of the Silent era. Till the 1920s movies were silent, though at times they were accompanied by musicians, sound effects, or even commentary at times.1940s to 60s- War and Post War CinemaThe wartime sawing machine immense change in the cinema as more focus was given to pr opaganda and patriotic films. Films like Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Citizen Cane were pieces of this period.The cool war era brought movies filled with paranoia much(prenominal) as Invading Armies of Evil Aliens and anti- communist movies such as the Manchurian Candidate. The on set(p) of television in the post war era also threatened the cinematic industry as a medium of watching films.During this Period, Asian Cinema specifically saw a golden age. Some of the greatest masterpieces of the Asian cinema were produced during this period. These include works like Yasujiro OzusTokyo Story(1953),Satyajit RaysThe Apu Trilogy(1955-1959) andThe Music Room(1958),Kenji MizoguchisUgetsu(1954) andSansho the Bailiff(1954),Raj KapoorsAwaara(1951),Mikio NarusesFloating Clouds(1955),Guru DuttsPyaasa(1957) andKaagaz Ke Phool(1959), and theAkira Kurosawa films Rashomon (1950), Ikiru(1952),Seven Samurai(1954) andThrone of Blood(1957).1970s Post-classical cinemaThis term is used to describe the period pursual the decline of thestudio systemduring the 1950s and 1960s and the end of theproduction code. During the 1970s, filmmakers increasingly depicted explicit sexual content and showed gunfight and battle scenes that included graphic images of bloody(a) deaths.The 1980s were filled with movies releasing with sequels like Star Wars, Jaws, and Indiana Jones. The audience also started to watch movies on their VCR at home during this period.1990s to present Contemporary CinemaThe 1990s saw the development of the independent cinema with commercial success. Special effects also ruled during this period as it was creation heavily used by the successful movies of the period like Terminator 2 Judgment Day(1991) andTitanic(1997).During the 2000s, documentary genre of film making also move as can be seen with the success of movies such as March of the Penguins, and Fahrenheit 9/11. Increase in the problem of digital distribution ascribable to infringement of copyrights, and piracy also has reached heights during this period.Cinema as a whole during this decade has become more global with foreign-language films gaining popularity in English-speaking markets. Films such as City of Gods (Portugese), Lagaan (Hindi), and the Passion of the Christ (Aramaic).Some have described the prevailing style of the period aspostmodernbecause many contemporary films are unpolitical, ahistorical, intertextual, and less laced to the conventions of a single genre or culture. The transnational circulation and genre hybridity of contemporary films is exemplified by the increasing global popularity of non- English speaking cinema. (Film Studies, 2009)Major Genres of FilmsAction, Adventure, Comedy, Crime mobster films, Drama, Epic/ Historical films, Horror, Musical, Science fiction, War (anti- war), Western, and Eastern films.Theyare broad enough to accommodate practically any film ever made, although film categories can never be precise. By isolating the various elements i n a film and categorizing them in genres, it is possible to easily evaluate a film within its genre and allow for meaningful comparisons and some judgments on greatness. Films werenotreally submited to genre compendium by film historians until the 1970s. All films have at least one major genre, although in that respect are a number of films that are considered crossbreeds or hybrids with three or four overlapping genre (orsub-genre) types that identify them. (Dirks)History of Short FilmsShort publication a name initially given to Short Films came into existence in the 1910s when the majority of the feature movies were universe made into loner run-time editions. The name short subject is an American film industry term, which was assigned to any film within 20 minutes long or running two reels. Short subject films could be comedy, animated, or live action. One of the best known users of short subject was Laurel and Hardy and Charlie Chaplin.In 1930s came the slowdown of the short subjects, fundamentally produced by Warner Bros and Famous studios that owned their own theatres to showcase the films. By 1995s, the rise of television led to the strangulation of the live action- short and at the same time the fall cartoon short. Since the 1960s, majority of the directors of short films have been supernumerary studio projects or independent film makers.Since the 1980s, short film term was being used for short subject. Short film as a term describes the non- commercial film that is much shorter in time length than a feature film/ an analogy that can be drawn for short film to a feature film is that of a novella and a novel.The short filmmakers heavily depend on the short film festivals and art exhibitions to showcase their short films. At the same time, these film makers have more freedom to take up more difficult topics than normal feature films as the risks are lower. Short film making is now a growing as more and more amateurs, students, rough-cut man, and en thusiasts are taking this up because of the affordability of the technology to make such films. At the same time one can showcase his work to the world by uploading it on web portals and sharing it with others. It is an area where people are turning to as a hobby, as an art, to achieve their form expressions. (Wiernicki)Festival de CannesThe Festival is an apolitical no-mans-land, a microcosm of what the world would be like if people could contact each other directly and speak the same language. Jean CocteauBeing first large-scale international cultural event after the World War II, the Festival de Cannes opened on 20th September, 1946. The Palme dOr was created in 1955. Palme dOr became the enduring symbol of the Cannes Film Festival, awarded each and every year since to the director of the Best Feature Film of the Official Competition.At present, Festival de Cannes invites film makers from around the world to present their work in one place and exchange cultural experiences. The selections for the awards are done from a nomination of films from all over the world, from different socio-economic backgrounds, different cultures, and different historical backgrounds.Cannes offers an opportunity to determine a particular countrys image of its cinema. Festival de Cannes is a melting pot of global cinema and filmmakers. This is the reason why I have undertaken the news report of the award winning short films at festival de Cannes.(Festival History)KNOWLEDGE GAPLooking at the current literature review, we see that thither is a knowledge gap regarding the study of Short Films in the contemporary cinema as a communication medium. This subject requires an in-depth analysis and more research to come up with some perspectives in this area.RESEARCH OBJECTIVESTo take selected works of Short Films of contemporary cinema, last ten years winner of Cannes Palme dOr du court mtrage (1999-2009), and analyse the context and form of Short films.Content of the winners of the Can nes Short Film awards (1999-2009) in context of political, sociological, economical, and historical backgrounds.To study the narrative codes in the films to arrive at a deeper taking into custody of the short films.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe Qualitative research methodology is used in this study. The method would involve content analysis (Roland Barthes), text/narrative analysis and semiotic analysis of the movies.The SampleThe Short Film award winners of Palme dOr du court mtrage (Cannes Short Film Palme dOr) in Festival de Cannes in the last 10 years (1999-2009). The following Short Films have been selected for the studyArenaMegatronVer LloverSnifferPodorozhniTraficCracker BagEso UtanBean CakeAninoWhy the above Sample?The above following sample has been chosen for the reason being that theFestival de Cannes(le Festival de Cannes), founded in 1946, is one of the worlds oldest, finest and most prestigiousfilm festivals which has a very good representation of directors from across the world from different cultural, political, historical, religious, economical, and sociological backgrounds. This provides us with a variety of content for our study. The above movies are selected also on the basis of them being a part of contemporary cinema.How to try out Short FilmsSome of the salient points/ questions that will be used to do this study of short films are as follows1. Who is telling the story? Why is it being told? Does it appear to have a purpose? (media agencies, authorial voice, writers and auteurs, marketing, economics, ideology)2. How is it experienced? Who consumes it, where and in what way? (readers and media audiences- private and public experience, narrative structures)3. How is it made? (film technology, publishing and episodic publishing-the differences they make to the production process as well as to the finished product)4. How does it construct meaning? (film language and written language-expectations of audiences and readers, codes and conventions, n arrative structures)5. How does it represent its subject- especially with reference to period? (representation, use of stereotypes, representation of the past)(FILM STUDY GUIDE FOR TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD, 2003)6.Three Ways of Thinking Talking About Films(Wilder, 1997)Literary AspectsDramatic AspectsCinematic AspectsWho are the characters in the film?Did the actors make you forget they were acting? How?What vivid visual images did you note? What did they make you feel or think about?What is the films setting?Were costumes, make-up, and set equally important to the success of the film?What sounds or music do you remember? What did they make you feel or think about?What are the important plot elements?In what scene was an actors voice (pitch, volume, expression) particularly effective?What scenes can you understand even without dialogue? Why?From whose point of view is the story told? guide a scene that must have been difficult to act. How did the actor make his or her body deeds app ropriate and convincing?What scene has very effective or unusual editing?What is the theme of the film?Describe a scene in which facial expression was important. What feelings were developed? Were words necessary?If the film uses special effects, do they add to or detract from your enjoyment of the film?What is the mood of the film?Did the actors establish their characters more through dialogue or through movement and facial expressions?What symbols did you notice?How is this film like or unlike other films by the director? Does this director have a recognizable style?Was there anything about the acting, set, or costumes that bothered you or interfered with your watching of the film?EXPECTED CONTRIBUTIONGiven that the art of making Short Films is on the upward snub it is necessary to analyze the current trends, narratives, and the context of the Short Films genre in our contemporary cinema. We have enough knowledge on feature length movies but we lack information on the Short Films of our age. The study of this medium is important as Short films are a highly effective medium of communication and will gain importance going forward. As more and more people are turning towards Short Film making due to approachability to technology, it is one field that needs attention in our world of cinema. A study of its content will give us a better sagacity of the Short Films and world around us through their camera scope is imperative.

DRUGS AND REHAB :: essays research papers

When you hear the word medicates, what do you commend of prototypic? Most people think of drugs such as cocaine, weed, heroin, and ecstasy not many people associate alcohol with drugs. Many young people be developing strong drug addictions these days. The amount of teens and young adults using drugs is going down all the time. Although many teens be beginning small, and ending up in a lot of trouble. Cigarettes and beer are just the beginning eventually if you stay on this path you will move on to bigger things to get the same effects and end up in a rehabilitation centers.First off, I would like to define what an addiction is. Addiction is defined as a compulsive physiological and mental need for a habit-forming substance such as a drug. Addiction can be to anything in the world. Being addicted to something doesnt take a crap to be limited to just drugs. People have the ability to be addicted to anything in the world. There are many kinds of drugs that young people are getti ng addicted to these days. Some of the main drugs that are use upd today by teens and young adults include the following Marijuana, crack/cocaine, heroin, and LSD. Also a freshly fad in drugs known as club drugs are entering the picture for teens. Some of these drugs include ecstasy, Rohypnol (Roofies), and Methamphetamine (Speed). Marijuana is a multifariousness of leaves, stems and flowers of the Indian hemp plant Cannabis sativa, and is smoked or eaten for its hallucinogenic and pleasure-giving effects. The psychoactive ingredient of ganja, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is concentrated in the flowers. Hashish, a drug disposed(p) from the plant resin, has about eight times more THC than marijuana. (www.allsands.com) People who use marijuana seem to go through two different phases. The first phase being the initial stimulation. This stage consists of hyperness and euphoria. The second phase consists of sedation and a version of tranquility. Many people associate an increased appe tite with the use of this drug. Also a heightened sensory awareness and of pleasure go along with the use. Negative effects can include confusion, acute panic reactions, anxiety attacks, fear, a sense of helplessness and loss of self-control. Like alcohol intoxication, marijuana impairs reading comprehension, memory, speech, problem-solving ability and reaction time. In addition to side effects to memory and behaivior, marijuana has effects on your health as well. Smoking this

The Economic System of Slavery: As Told in A Respectable Trade and Amis

The Economic System of Slavery As Told in A Respectable Trade and Amistad The economical system of thralldom is an all-encompassing system that effects the mentalities of all who participate in the system. People in a slave society are mold differently than people influenced by other economic systems, as this system classifies people as property, inherently going against all aspects of human nature. We see how slavery has come to shape individuals, and indeed, entire societies both in Amistad and A Respectable Trade. In these contracts arise the themes of economic value of different systems of slavery as well as themes of the morality of the slave trade and the devaluation of human dignity and liberty. While the two films portray vastly different contexts in which slavery exists, they have in common the struggles between profitable economic systems of the times and the social evaluations of these economic institutions. In a slave society, there exists a control over nut-bearing resources by a specific subset of society. That is to say, the wealth of the economy is largely concentrated in the hands of a few. In a slave system, control over productive resources specifically means control over people, as it is the slaves in this economic system who are the resources, or whose tire is responsible for producing the resources. In the film Amistad, the production done by slaves is clearly delineated by the work they do on the plantations, as we do non see slave labor in the domestic realm as a prominent feature of this society. The Africans captured by their fellow countrymen are defined as property, as chattel, as briefly as they set foot on the slave-trading vessels. Thus, within the system of slavery we see that huma... ...he situation, as the British begin to see that the slave trade is not as lucrative as industry could be. The abolition of slavery in England, therefore, is not so much influenced by morality as it is by money. eve though Amistad and A Respectable Trade vary in their depiction of the economic system of slavery (domestic servitude versus plantation labor), they share commonalities in their depiction of the overwhelmind becharm that slavery had on societies. Slavery was as much a cultural system as it was an economic system, because it shaped all who participated in the system the Africans squeeze into the system, the masters that owned people as chattel, and even those who opposed the system altogether. Slavery is an economic system that involves decisions of the conscience and the fundamentals of human nature, possibly more(prenominal) so tah any other economic system.